Model and Evaluation: Towards Fairness in Multilingual Text Classification

Recently, more and more research has focused on addressing bias in text classification models. However, existing research mainly focuses on the fairness of monolingual text classification models, and research on fairness for multilingual text classification is still very limited. In this paper, we focus on the task of multilingual text classification and propose a debiasing framework for multilingual text classification based on contrastive learning. Our proposed method does not rely on any external language resources and can be extended to any other languages. The model contains four modules: multilingual text representation module, language fusion module, text debiasing module, and text classification module. The multilingual text representation module uses a multilingual pre-trained language model to represent the text, the language fusion module makes the semantic spaces of different languages tend to be consistent through contrastive learning, and the text debiasing module uses contrastive learning to make the model unable to identify sensitive attributes' information. The text classification module completes the basic tasks of multilingual text classification. In addition, the existing research on the fairness of multilingual text classification is relatively simple in the evaluation mode. The evaluation method of fairness is the same as the monolingual equality difference evaluation method, that is, the evaluation is performed on a single language. We propose a multi-dimensional fairness evaluation framework for multilingual text classification, which evaluates the model's monolingual equality difference, multilingual equality difference, multilingual equality performance difference, and destructiveness of the fairness strategy. We hope that our work can provide a more general debiasing method and a more comprehensive evaluation framework for multilingual text fairness tasks

Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Middle Permian A-type granites in Altay, northwestern China: Evidences from geochronological, geochemical, and Hf isotopic studies

The Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites are located in the central part of the Chinese Altay orogen. In this paper, we present detailed geochemical, zircon U-Pb, and Hf isotopic data of these granites. The Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites show a high content of SiO2 (72.05-73.27 and 69.55-71.04wt%, respectively), total alkalis (Na2O+K2O=8.41-8.71 and 7.24-8.66wt%, respectively), and high-field strength elements (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=400.3-482.9 and 156.7-339.3ppm, respectively), as well as high Ga/Al ratios (10,000xGa/Al=3.46-4.19 and 2.62-3.28, respectively) and depletion in Ba, Nb, Sr, and Ti, showing geochemical characteristics similar to those of A-type granites. Zircon U-Pb dating of the Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites yielded weighted mean dating Pb-206/U-238 ages of 268.3 +/- 1.9 and 270.4 +/- 1.9Ma, respectively, indicating that these granites intruded during the Permian. The Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites show highly variable zircon epsilon(Hf)(t) values ranging from -7.0 to +5.6, implying that these granites originated from a mixing of mantle-derived magma with crustal materials. Our data on the Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites, coupled with previous studies of Permian magmatism and metamorphism, suggest that the tectonic regime was in a postcollisional extensional environment in the Chinese Altay orogen during the Permian. Therefore, the change in stress from compression to extension and asthenospheric upwelling triggered by slab break-off plays a significant role in the generation of Jiangjunshan and Dakalasu alkali-feldspar granites

Cryogenic CMOS RF Device Modeling for Scalable Quantum Computer Design

This paper presents experimental RF characterizations and modeling on the nano-scale multi-finger gate MOSFETs of the HLMC 40 nm low-power CMOS technology. Both the resistive and capacitive components in the equivalent circuit model for the RF MOSFET devices are calibrated based on temperature-dependent S-parameter measurements (0.25 – 40 GHz) from 298 K to 6 K. By integrating the intrinsic device model and the extrinsic parasitic parameters, a generic cryogenic device RF model is developed to capture the cutoff frequency and high-frequency performance of NMOS and PMOS transistors with varied device configurations. The establishment of validated database as functions of device size, temperature, and frequency responses lays a solid foundation for practical large-scale cryo-CMOS RF circuit design and optimization

The Optimal Therapy after Progression on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in MSI Metastatic Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: In microsatellite instability (MSI)/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) gastrointestinal cancers, the optimum therapy after the progression of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is yet unknown. Here, we compared the efficacy of programmed death 1 (PD1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors plus other therapy and chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy in MSI/dMMR gastrointestinal cancer patients after progression on anti-PD1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively recruited MSI/dMMR gastrointestinal cancer patients who had progressed on anti-PD1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and PFS ratio (PFSr) were compared between patients who received anti-PD1/PD-L1 plus other therapy (ICI-plus group) and patients who received chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy (chemo-targeted group). Results: In total, 26 and 25 patients were recruited in the ICI-plus group and chemo-targeted group, respectively. Significantly better DCR (80.8% vs. 44.0%, p = 0.007), PFS (median PFS 6.9 months vs. 3.0 months, p = 0.001), OS (median OS NR vs. 14.1 months, p = 0.043), and PFSr (2.4 vs. 0.9, p = 0.021), along with a numerically higher ORR (23.1% vs. 12.0%, p = 0.503) were observed in the ICI-plus group compared with the chemo-targeted group. Multivariate analyses identified the therapy regimen as an important prognostic factor in gastrointestinal cancers. Conclusions: Compared to conventional chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, continuing anti-PD1/PD-L1 in combination with other treatments showed better clinical outcomes in MSI/dMMR gastrointestinal cancer patients who progressed on PD1/PD-L1 blockade, which should be validated prospectively in clinical trials

Expert consensus on multidisciplinary therapy of colorectal cancer with lung metastases (2019 edition)

Abstract The lungs are the second most common site of metastasis for colorectal cancer (CRC) after the liver. Rectal cancer is associated with a higher incidence of lung metastases compared to colon cancer. In China, the proportion of rectal cancer cases is around 50%, much higher than that in Western countries (nearly 30%). However, there is no available consensus or guideline focusing on CRC with lung metastases. We conducted an extensive discussion and reached a consensus of management for lung metastases in CRC based on current research reports and the experts’ clinical experiences and knowledge. This consensus provided detailed approaches of diagnosis and differential diagnosis and provided general guidelines for multidisciplinary therapy (MDT) of lung metastases. We also focused on recommendations of MDT management of synchronous lung metastases and initial metachronous lung metastases. This consensus might improve clinical practice of CRC with lung metastases in China and will encourage oncologists to conduct more clinical trials to obtain high-level evidences about managing lung metastases